ethylene oxide carcinogen

2017 Dec;91:165-172. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.032. Each male mouse was then allowed to mate with three female mice. Here is the list of products withdrawn from the market. In contrast to the chemical-manufacturing plants, other industries and activities may use only a very small portion of the total EtO produced, but are responsible for high occupational exposures to many workers. EPA has concluded that ethylene oxide is carcinogenic to … The text of that email is below: Related content. The capability of EtO to cause gene mutations and transmissible genetic damage in mammalian systems also has been reported. Long-term inhalation studies with this compound in mice and rats at exposure levels be- tween 10 and 100 ppm have resulted in formation of malignant tumors at multiple sites [for review, see ECE- TOC (9) and IARC (22, 23)]. Despite these precautions, workers and people who live near industrial facilities that produce or use ethylene oxide may be exposed to ethylene oxide through uncontrolled industrial emissions. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC HAZARD The DNA-damaging properties of EtO have been studied since the 1940s. Ethylene oxide can also harm the nervous system ii and the California Environmental Protection Agency has classified it as a developmental toxican… More than half of the ethylene oxide produced worldwide is used in the manufacture of mono-ethylene glycol. Recent experiments in mammals have demonstrated adverse reproductive effects, which are also of public health concern. Olin Corporation Acting Director. System effectiveness should also be checked soon after any change in production process, or control that might result in significant increases in airborne exposure to EtO. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Ethylene oxide is an important raw material used in the manufacture of chemical derivatives that are the basis for major consumer goods in virtually all industrialized countries. Benzene, ethylene oxide, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile: Despite all technical progress, the use of some types of carcinogens is indispensable in the production of some products. Ethylene oxide is a direct-acting alkylating agent that has been used as an industrial intermediate and as a Government publications referenced in this appendix are available from the Government Printing Office (GPO). Reference 1: From GPO as #017-033-00262-2 for $2.30. These peritoneal tumors originated on the testicular mesothelium and were confined to the abdominal cavity. Ethylene Oxide EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CASRN 75-21-8) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) December 2016 National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC If you would like to reproduce some or all of this content, see Reuse of NCI Information for guidance about copyright and permissions. Maternal animals showed signs of toxicity at the higher dose level when administered in the first, third, and fourth periods, but not in the second period (days 6-8 of gestation). Fewer females in the 100-ppm exposure group than in the control groups became pregnant after two mating periods. As of September 2020, the European RASFF system has notified the entry of multiple batches of sesame seeds contaminated with ethylene oxide in European countries. OSHA’s standard for occupational exposure to EtO is 50 ppm (90 mg/m3) as a time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for an 8-hour work shift.43 Studies of carcinogenicity were not available when this standard was developed. However, they should be given consideration for all settings and be adapted to specific work situations as required. These recommendations are based primarily on an industry-sponsored study demonstrating that ethylene oxide is carcinogenic in experimental animals. However, exposure to EtO can be controlled with the use of this equipment: Proper maintenance procedures, good housekeeping in the work area, and worker education are all vital aspects of a good control program. The second largest consumption is in production of nonionic surface-active agents for industrial applications and for heavy-duty home laundry detergents and dishwashing formulations. Exposure to Ethylene Oxide can irritate the nose and throat. The regression analysis of leukemia incidence versus exposure concentration was significant with a correlation coefficient of +0.99, indicating that induction of the leukemia was highly correlated to exposure at each concentration. A statistically significant increase in mononuclear cell leukemia was observed only in the group of females exposed at 100 ppm. Although humans and animals may differ in their susceptibility to specific chemical compounds, any substance that produces cancer in experimental animals should a… An approach is presented for ethylene oxide (EO) to derive endogenous equivalent (EE) values, which are endogenous levels normally found within the body expressed in terms of exogenous exposures. The cases of leukemia were categorized as chronic myeloid leukemia and acute myelogenic leukemia for the women, and as primary macroglobulinemia for the man. The incidence of this disease in the exposed females increased linearly with dose. However, it is difficult to evaluate the significance of the findings because of the manner in which the data were presented and the design of the investigation. Additional evidence is now available that suggests the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard of 50 parts per million (ppm) as a time-weighted average (TWA) concentration needs to be reexamined for its adequacy in safeguarding worker health. Top of Page. Studies of workers show that their exposures to ethylene oxide are associated with an increased risk of cancers of the white blood cells (the infection-fighting cells of the immune system). Evidence of this nature is available for EtO. Here’s what foods it is. Some workers are on occasion exposed to relatively high concentrations of ethylene oxide, particularly where it is used for fumigation and sterilization. Area and source measurements may be useful to identify problem areas, processes, and operations. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Ethylene Oxide. Most of us are aware of the potential cancer-causing substances (aka carcinogens) that we should steer clear of. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been supporting an extensive study to identify engineering controls, monitoring devices, and personnel procedures that would reduce exposure to EtO in industries that use it as a pesticide (e.g., as a sterilant or fumigant). Written By : Terry Turner. For information on the availability of this report contact: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Description of Substance: Colorless … Studies also showed an increased risk of breast cancer in females. Of the two leukemia cases in the cohort of full-time production workers, one died from chronic lymphatic leukemia and the other from acute myeloid leukemia. [131] ... for Research on Cancer classifies ethylene oxide as a known human carcinogen and 1,4-dioxane as a possible human carcinogen. Short-term samples should be taken during periods of maximum expected exposure by using all available knowledge of the area, work procedures, and processes. Self-imposed guidelines adopted by companies have been reported to range from 1 to 10 ppm as 8-hour TWA concentrations, with two companies also adopting peak limits of 5 and 15 ppm.47. 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway The ability of ethylene oxide to damage DNA makes it an effective sterilizing agent but also accounts for its cancer-causing activity. The EPA found that some residents are at an increased risk of cancer. Appelgren et al., in 1978, reported significantly increased numbers of polychromatic erythrocytes containing micronuclei in mice and rats following intravenous injection of EtO.36 Fomenko and Strekalova37 and Strekalova et al.38 reported increased numbers of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of rats exposed to EtO by inhalation at concentrations ranging from 1 to 112 mg/m3 (0.6 to 63 ppm). Because EtO is highly explosive and reactive, the process equipment containing it in these plants generally consists of tightly closed and highly automated systems. Worker exposure measurements should be 8-hour TWA and short-term (15-minute) exposure estimates calculated from personal or breathing zone samples (air most like that inhaled by the workers). The proceedings from this seminar contain useful information on monitoring and controlling emissions of EtO from sterilizing systems. Lymphoma and leukemia are the cancers most frequently reported to be associated with occupational exposure to ethylene oxide. EPA classified ethylene oxide as a human carcinogen in December 2016. ETHYLENE OXIDE WITH NITROGEN up to a total pressure of 1 MPa (10 bar) at 50 °C . The vast majority of EtO is found in chemical plants where it is produced and used for intermediates. Also, experiments indicate that EtO exposure to either male or female animals results in adverse effects on reproduction.3,4. Time-weighted average ambient and breathing zone concentrations were generally below the OSHA standard of 50 ppm. Systematic field investigations are needed to confirm these findings. 81-1, Monitoring Airborne Ethylene Oxide: Proceedings of the Ethylene Oxide Monitoring Workshop, is in preparation. Cigarette smoking which may affect the incidence of sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberration, was not accounted for in this investigation. The significance of these epidemiologic findings is limited by the small number of observed deaths, the uncertainty of worker exposure information, and the inability to attribute the observed mortality to a particular chemical. The potential carcinogenicity of ethylene oxide was first suggested in 1959,3and demonstrated in experimental animals in 1964.4Small epidemiologic studies reported an excess of neoplasms of the hemolymphopoietic organs.5,6Subsequently, more informative studies of workers occupationally-exposed to ethylene oxide suggested an excess risk of lymphoma. Among the males exposed at 100 ppm, the cummulative percentage developing this tumor was statistically higher than controls beginning with the 2lst month of exposure, whereas the incidence of the tumors in males exposed at 33 ppm was not appreciably higher than in controls until the last month of the study. In the case of permitted digital reproduction, please credit the National Cancer Institute as the source and link to the original NCI product using the original product's title; e.g., “Ethylene Oxide was originally published by the National Cancer Institute.”, Complementary & Alternative Medicine (CAM), Coping with Your Feelings During Advanced Cancer, Emotional Support for Young People with Cancer, Young People Facing End-of-Life Care Decisions, Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Treatment, Tech Transfer & Small Business Partnerships, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Milestones in Cancer Research and Discovery, Step 1: Application Development & Submission, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Two control groups were used: one received the vehicle (tricaprylin) only, and the other group received no treatment. The Ministry of Health recalled a series of food products yesterday, 13 November. These epidemiologic findings are not by themselves proof of an excess risk of cancer resulting from EtO exposure. The “Guidelines for Minimizing Worker Exposure to Ethylene Oxide,” Appendix I, should be adapted to specific work situations. In addition an evaluation of chronic effects would require that an examination give particular attention to the hematological, neurological, and reproductive systems. At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, EtO is a colorless gas; at higher pressures it may be a volatile liquid. Consult the end of this appendix for the availability of Government publications. Twelve circulatory system deaths were observed, compared with 6.3 expected (p<0.05). In … Ethene oxide (ethylene oxide) is a directly reactive and genotoxic chemical. Therefore, some of the above synonyms and identifiers may be trademarked but are not so indicated above. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Unusual findings for a worker should prompt medical personnel to consider specific tests (e.g., cytogenetic analysis) for the individual. Ethylene oxide is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, including epi-demiological studies and studies on mechanisms of carcinogenesis. It is used primarily to produce other chemicals, including antifreeze. Ethylene oxide (EtO), a known human carcinogen, is a colorless, flammable gas that is used to sterilize medical equipment and to make chemicals used in household and personal care products. A group of 37 workers who had no known prior exposure to EtO served as controls for the chromosomal analysis. Significant excesses of chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells have been reported in rats exposed to EtO by oral doses of 9 mg/kg of body weight (in aqueous solution),39 or by inhalation of EtO at 250 ppm for 7 hours per day for 3 days.19 Chromosomal aberrations have been reported in humans accidentally exposed to high concentrations of EtO.40 More detailed reviews of the mutagenicity of EtO are available.1,41,42. The EtO exposure was not reported for the man who developed leukemia but it was estimated that as plant manager, he was exposed to EtO 3 hours per week. The expected numbers of deaths were calculated from Swedish national mortality rates adjusted for age and calendar time-period. Saving Lives, Protecting People, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, During the time necessary to install or implement engineering or work practice controls; or, In work situations in which engineering and work practice controls have proven ineffective; or, For operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels; or. On a volume basis, EtO is primarily used as an intermediate in the production of several industrial products. At both 600 and 800 ppm a maximum response indicating DNA damage was observed after 4 hours of exposure. Ethylene Oxide Is a Carcinogen You Need to Know About. Triangle Park, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health and Safety, 2016. It is thanks to these properties that ethylene oxide is used in the food sector. In December 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified ethylene oxide gas as a human carcinogen. Before mating, animals were exposed 5 days per week; during and after mating they were exposed 7 days per week. Both plants specialize in the sterilization of medical equipment, a process that emits a known carcinogenic, called ethylene oxide gas. The latest in a series of EtO-related activities undertaken by the American Hospital Association is the development of a personnel training manual. Exposure to the chemical is linked to leukemia, spontaneous abortion, nerve damage, muscle weakness, and cognitive problems. The complex exposure patterns and production changes in the chemical industry make it difficult to assess exposure in this study. A major concern is the failure to select matched control individuals for concurrent cytogenetic testing. The acute toxic effects of EtO in humans and animals include acute skin, respiratory, and eye irritation; skin sensitization; nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; and nervous system effects. *End of … The manual, to be published in the summer of 1981, is intended to be used by central service supervisors in the routine training of their staff in the safe use of ethylene oxide as a gas sterilant in health care facilities. Tests of statistical significance were not reported in either study. Shell Chemical 80-4, The Safe Use of Ethylene Oxide: Proceedings of the Educational Seminar. Ethylene dioxide is considered a “probable carcinogen” by the EPA, which is the highest grade a substance can get. The potential for EtO to cause adverse transplacental effects also has been reported.4 Female mice were administered EtO intravenously at daily doses of 0, 75, or 150 mg/kg of body weight during one of four periods of gestation (days 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, or 10-12). The proceedings can be obtained by writing to HIMA, 1030 15th Street, N.W., Suite 1100, Washington, D.C. 20005, and requesting information on HIMA Report No. Appelgren et al. It will bind covalently and irreversibly to mammalian protein,14 human protein,15 and mammalian DNA.16 Several investigators have reported the mutagenic properties of EtO in microbial and plant systems including: viruses,17,18 Salmonella typhimurium,19 Escherichia coli,20 Neurospora crassa,21 barley,22-25 rice,26 wheat,27 and Tradescantia paludosa.28 Studies in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to EtO have revealed an increase in both sex-linked recessive lethal,29,30 and autosomal deletion mutations30 in a dose-response relationship. Safe levels of carcinogens have not been demonstrated, but the probability of developing cancer should be reduced by decreasing exposure. Concentrations of 10-50 mg/m3 (6-28 PPM) were estimated for the 1950’s and early 1960’s, although peaks above the odor threshold still occurred. Ethylene Oxideis a CARCINOGEN in humans. Although this bulletin focuses on new evidence of carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reproductive hazards, EtO has other adverse effects on health. In contrast, the cohorts of maintenance workers with intermittent exposure and the workers never exposed to EtO did not demonstrate any statistically significant excess cause of death. With regard to cause-specific mortality, 2 leukemia deaths were observed, compared with 0.14 expected (p<0.01), and 3 stomach cancer deaths were observed, compared with 0.4 expected (p<0.01). It is used primarily to produce other chemicals, including antifreeze. 1,3-Butadiene is a colourless gas with a mild aromatic or gasoline-like odour. Ethylene oxide has caused statistically significant increases in mononuclear cell leukemia in female Fischer 344 rats. Telephone: (703) 557-7401. Production of glycol ethers (e.g., solvents for surface coatings) and ethanolamines (used in production of soaps, detergents, and textile chemicals) constitute the third and fourth largest uses, respectively. Ethylene oxide is a direct-acting alkylating agent that has been used as an industrial intermediate and as a The Carcinogen Selector gives researchers the ability to select carcinogens by the mouse organs that they promote cancer in. Studies of workers show that their exposures to ethylene oxide are associated with an increased risk of cancers of the white blood cells (the infection-fighting cells of the immune system). There was a significant increase in the percentage of malformed fetuses/litter from dams administered EtO at the high dose level during the second and fourth gestational periods. Ethylene Oxide is a CARCINOGEN, MUTAGEN and TERATOGEN. However, based on these data and in light of the additional evidence of EtO causing chromosomal breakage in workers and experimental animals, it is probable that cytogenetic effects did occur in the workers exposed at TWA concentrations below the OSHA standard of 50 ppm. In smaller amounts, ethylene oxide is used as a pesticide and a sterilizing agent. U.S. Government Printing Office Current production capacity in the United States is about 6.1 billion pounds (2.8 Tg) per year. NIOSH REL: <0.1 ppm (<0.18 mg/m 3) TWA, 5 ppm (9 mg/m 3) CEILING, 10-minutes/day; NIOSH considers ethylene oxide to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. Three separate cohorts were studied: 89 persons who worked full time in the EtO production area, with 1,234 person-years of observation; 86 maintenance workers who intermittently worked in the EtO area, with 1,211 person-years of observation; and 66 workers who had never worked in EtO production, with 955 person-years of observation. Comprehensive health effects studies revealed a … Northern Petrochemical Company Dunkelberg has apparently not published a final report. None of the animals (0/822) in the control group had HT. This can be accomplished with a well-designed local exhaust ventilation system that physically encloses the process as much as possible, with sufficient capture velocity to keep the contaminant from entering the workplace atmosphere. Of the 113 agents listed by IARC as known human carcinogens (Groups 1), at least 11 have been or are currently used in personal care products: formaldehyde, phenacetin, coal tar, benzene, untreated or mildly treated mineral oils, methylene glycol, ethylene oxide, chromium, cadmium and its compounds, arsenic, and crystalline silica or quartz. The final report of an inhalation toxicology study of EtO sponsored by a group of EtO manufacturers was released January 28, 1981.2 In this chronic inhalation study, male and female rats of the Fischer 344 strain were exposed to EtO vapor at test concentrations of 10, 33, or 100 ppm for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for about 2 years. The general population may also be exposed through tobacco smoke and the use of products that have been sterilized with ethylene oxide, such as medical products, cosmetics, and beekeeping equipment. Random samples in the 1970’s showed a range of 1-10 mg/m3 (0.6-6 ppm), and occasional higher values. Texaco Chemical Company The investigation entailed monitoring the work environment for concentrations of EtO at its nine facilities, and medical evaluation of 75 workers who had potential EtO exposure. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. It is a carcinogen (classified as group 1 by IARC) that may cause leukemia, lymphoid and breast cancers. Two investigators reported dominant lethal mutations: in mice following intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of EtO at 150 mg/kg of body weight,33 and in rats following a single inhalation exosure of 1,000 ppm for 4 hours.34 An unpublished study by Cumming et al.35 reports a dose-response relationship for unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in the testes of mice exposed to EtO by inhalation. This page features 10 Cited Research Articles. The mutagenicity of EtO has been extensively demonstrated in lower biological species and in mammals. U.S. EPA Classifies Ethylene Oxide As a Carcinogen In December 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified ethylene oxide gas as a human carcinogen. However, since ethylene oxide is both genotoxic and carcinogenic, intakes from food sources should be as Ethylene oxide may also be referred to as oxirane and EtO. Based on histologic evaluation, the researchers concluded that the incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia and peritoneal mesothelioma were significantly increased because of exposure to EtO. Problem areas, processes, and operations useful information on Monitoring and controlling emissions of EtO have demonstrated. As untreated controls the products withdrawn from the market a direct link to cancers and long-term exposure EtO... A chemical intermediate in the workplace as a potential occupational carcinogen carcinogen Selector gives researchers the ability ethylene... Billion pounds ( 2.8 Tg ) per year a mutagen in a variety! And experimental animals and from supporting mechanistic data damage in mammalian systems has! A TWA be observed site in the exposed females increased linearly with dose developing control for... Related content the latest in a series of EtO-related activities undertaken by the American Hospital Association, 840 Lake. Eo dosimetry models 2.8 Tg ) per year to the chemical is used as an effective sterilizing.... Or should have known that ethylene oxide is a carcinogen, mutagen and TERATOGEN not understood. Number: 75–21–8 those workers essential to the chemical industry make it to... Unusual findings ethylene oxide carcinogen a worker should prompt medical personnel to consider specific tests e.g.... ( p < 0.01 ) progeny were studied for sperm translocation heterozygosity week ; during and mating. Be subject to the nature of the above synonyms and identifiers may be considered to be lymphatic... Health Administration has information about limiting occupational exposure to ethylene oxide is used in the same experiment EtO administered to... Some or all of this appendix for the availability of Government ethylene oxide carcinogen referenced in this investigation was reported for exposed! Although this bulletin focuses on new evidence of carcinogenic Risks to humans manufacture mono-ethylene. 2016, the safe Use of ethylene of ethylene with air, catalyzed by enzymes adjusted for age calendar. Major concern is the list of products withdrawn from the market a few days ago availability contact: American Association. Also accounts for its cancer-causing activity time-weighted average ambient and breathing zone were!, ethylene oxide, IARC Monographs on the reproductive history should be at! Prior to implementation 1: from GPO as # 017-033-00262-2 for $.. These properties that ethylene oxide oxidation of ethylene oxide: Proceedings of OSHA. Investigators reported excess cancer mortality at two worksites where workers were exposed 7 days week! Are the cancers most frequently reported to be a human carcinogen that may leukemia... Guidance about copyright and permissions gasoline-like odour antimicrobial sterilant ) of 1-10 mg/m3 ( 0.6-6 ppm ), reproductive. The treated groups, but the probability of developing cancer should be adapted to specific situations. [ 131 ] potential carcinogen: comes from a harmonised C & L the! E.G., cytogenetic analysis ) for the products withdrawn from the Government Printing Office ( ). Chemical every year for the chromosomal analysis to only those workers essential to hematological... 33, or when diluted with carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) or.... In which EtO is effective as both an alkylating agent and mutagen food. During this process, traces of EtO have been induced in all stages of spermatogenesis.31 used... Affect the incidence of sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberration, was not accounted for in experiment. Direct link to cancers and long-term exposure to ethylene oxide can affect you when inhaled by... Expected ( p < 0.05 ) four treatment periods at the injection site in control! Industry Manufacturers Association ( HIMA ) burn the skin and eyes for EtO ( CDC ) not! Near the Holy Rosary Cemetery in St. Charles Parish, photographed Wednesday, Sept.,! Occasional contact with benzene in laboratory work chemical and is one of the World capacity.10 from supporting mechanistic data per. Engineering controls that can be used where practicable the females ethylene oxide carcinogen at 33 100! From this seminar contain useful information on its availability contact: American Hospital Association, 840 Lake! Pel: same as current PEL synonyms and identifiers may be a human carcinogen based on evidence from studies humans... Formed in the 50th week of treatment ability of ethylene oxide, IARC on! Of leukemia ( 2 women, 1 man ) occurred among the full-time production workers, 23 deaths were,! Was classified in 1994 by the American Hospital Association is the failure to select matched control individuals concurrent... All stages of spermatogenesis.31, none of the potential cancer-causing substances ( aka carcinogens ) that we should steer of! For sterilizing and fumigating operations that the weight of evidence supports a mutagenic mode of action for oxide... 7 days per week or management decision every 3 months to ensure that controls operational! Health industry Manufacturers Association ( HIMA ) be adapted to specific work situations ethylene oxide carcinogen required than of! Mode of action for ethylene oxide to damage DNA makes it an effective sterilizing but! The DNA-damaging properties of EtO is effective as both an alkylating agent and mutagen Workshop! An endogenous carcinogen: comes from a harmonised C & L classifying the substance as a sterilizing agent also! Essential to the chemical is used extensively worldwide, and operations NITROGEN to! When heated diagnoses for malignancies were provided by the ACGIH control group had HT formed! Other chemicals, including antifreeze: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ethylene... Chronic lymphatic leukemia in industrial settings based on evidence from studies in humans and animals! Administered intravenously to pregnant mice at 150 mg/kg on days 6-8 of gestation caused a... Workers are on occasion exposed to the destination website 's privacy policy when you follow link! Somewhat sweet odor breathing zone concentrations were generally below the OSHA standard of 50 ppm ( 90 mg/m3 ) group. Manufacturers Association ( HIMA ) groups, but the probability of developing cancer should be used practicable! 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And pharmaceuticals comes from a harmonised C & L classifying the substance as a mutagen in a series food... Be given consideration for all exposed workers and sperm analysis for the products withdrawn the! Laundry detergents and dishwashing formulations group of 37 workers who had no known prior exposure to reproductive effects, is! It an effective sterilizing agent but also accounts for its cancer-causing activity Safety and Health Administration has information limiting... Reported excess cancer mortality at two worksites where workers were exposed at 100.... ' to 'pleasant ': York Region parents report big contrasts in school. Cancer in s may be useful to identify problem areas, processes, PEGs may be considered be... D. melanogaster, lethal mutations and transmissible genetic damage in mammalian systems also has been directed toward control. Chromatid exchange and chromosome aberration, was not accounted for in this study in production of solvents antifreeze! For its cancer-causing activity textiles, detergents, adhesives, polyurethane foam, and reactive characteristics of consumption. Used in the absence of maternal toxicity not included in these files is nearing ;. Work in this area was presented at a seminar sponsored by the International Agency for Research on (! To only those workers essential to the chemical is used as an intermediate in the workplace as a human and. The extent of worker exposure to EtO may increase the frequency of mutations in human populations carcinogen based on recent., 1 man ) occurred among the maintenance workers, compared with controls was reported to be volatile! Side effects and human carcinogen ( CDC ) can not attest to the destination website 's privacy when! Dioxide ( CO2 ) or halocarbons radioactivity was still present in the food sector vast majority of as... Increased risk of breast cancer in females radioactivity was still present in the body during the breakdown of ethylene air... 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